Sound Reasoning
Table of Contents
Part I: Sound Reasoning
1. Sound Reasoning: A New Way of Listening
2. How Music Makes Sense
3. Listening Gallery: How Music Makes Sense
4. Musical Emphasis
5. Listening Gallery: Musical Emphasis
6. Musical Form
7. Listening Gallery: Musical Form
8. Expository and Developmental
9. Listening Gallery: Expository and Developmental
10. Overall Destiny
11. Listening Gallery: Overall Destiny
12. Time’s Effect on the Material
13. Listening Gallery: Time’s Effect
14. Summary: A Quick Guide for Listening
15. Making Music Modern
16. Listening Gallery: Making Music Modern
17. Conclusion: What is Music Trying to Express?
3. Listening Gallery: How Music Makes Sense
The following short works or excerpts are each based on a single pattern that is repeated throughout the work.
These terms will help you answer the questions about how the basic patterns are varied.
- Accompaniment
- The support underlying a melody. For instance, in a typical show tune, the singer performs the melody, while the band provides the accompaniment.
- Contour
- Whether the basic pattern is played right side up or upside down.
- Density
- How many notes are played at the same time. For instance, if a pianist plays a chord with all ten fingers, that sound is of higher density that if she or he were to just play with a single finger.
- Dynamics
- The loudness of the music.
- Fragmentation
- Smaller segments of the basic pattern are repeated, rather than the whole.
- Orchestration
- The instruments that are playing the pattern.
- Register
- How “high” or “low” the pattern is played. Men sing in the low register, women in the upper. The pianist’s left hand generally plays in the low register, the right hand in the upper.
- Speed
- How fast the pattern is played.
- Grouping
- The number of notes in a pattern. For instance, the pattern “da-da-dum, da-da-dum, da-da-dum ” consists of a series of three note groupings, whereas “da-da-da-dum, da-da-da-dum, da-da-da-dum” is made up of four note groupings. “Da-dum, da-da-da-dum, da-da-dum” consists of mixed groupings.
Listen to Bach’s Invention no. 14 in B-flat Major.
In the following list, mark all of the ways that Bach uses to vary the repetition of his basic pattern:
CHOICES
Contour
Density
Speed
Fragmentation
ANSWERS
The pattern always occurs at the same speed. Otherwise, Bach uses all of the other means of varying the repetition: The melody is played high and low. It is turned right side up and upside down. It is sometimes in one hand alone, sometimes in both together. It is fragmented, creating passages of greater momentum.
Click “choices” above to review your options and try again!
From the following list, what most contributes to varying the repetition in Chopin’s Prelude No. 23 in F-Major?
CHOICES
Dynamics
Register
ANSWER
The pattern constantly shifts register, getting higher and higher until finally sinking at the ending.
In the following excerpt from Gustav Holst’s The Planets, the short melody is repeated fifteen times.
How many times is the melody repeated exactly the same way?
CHOICES
1
2
4
5
7
ANSWER
It is never repeated the same way twice.
From the following list, mark all of the ways that Holst uses to vary the repetitions of the melody.
CHOICES
Contour
Dynamics
Speed
Register
ANSWERS
The melody is always played with the same contour and at the same speed. Holst uses all of the other means to create variety: The accompaniment to the melody changes from a gentle pulse to a more passionate underpinning. The dynamics get gradually louder, then softer. The orchestration changes with almost every appearance of the melody: It begins in the violin, then it is played by the oboe, flute and glockenspiel. Register is also used to vary the melody: The glockenspiel plays it very high; later in the excerpt, the lower strings take over the melody.
In Charles Ives’ song The Cage, the piano accompaniment is extremely unified. Except for the unexpected chord at the word “Wonder,” the accompaniment consists only of varied repetitions a single, complex chord-as a way of showing a leopard confined in its cage.
In the following list, mark all of the ways that Ives uses to vary the repetition of the chord:
CHOICES
Density
Dynamics
Register
ANSWERS
Ives uses speed, register and dynamics to vary how the chord is played. In the middle section of the song, for instance, the chords become quite spaced apart (speed). At the opening, the chords are low and loud; when the voice enters, they get higher and softer.
Ligeti’s Musica ricercata No. 1 is based on just a single note: Only the very last note is different!
In the following list, mark all of the ways that Ligeti uses to vary the repetition of the single note.
CHOICES
Density
Dynamics
Register
ANSWERS
Thanks to all of these means, Ligeti is able to create a very vibrant and dramatic piece using only one note!